Short-chain ubiquitination is associated with the degradation rate of a cell-surface-resident bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). MOL #49288 2

was enhanced by BSEP mutations, E297G and D482G. Moreover, biotin-labeling studies using MDCK II cells demonstrated that the degradation of cell-surface-resident chimeric protein fusing ubiquitin to BSEP was faster than that of BSEP itself. In conclusion, BSEP/Bsep is modified with two to three ubiquitins, and its ubiquitination is modulated by 4PBA treatment and PFIC2-type mutations. Modulation of short-chain ubiquitination can regulate the change in the degradation rate of cell-surface-resident BSEP by 4PBA treatment and PFIC2-type mutations

cDNA cloning and inducible expression of human multidrug resistance associated protein 3 (MRP3)1The sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank with the accession number of AB010887.1

AbstractPreviously, we cloned rat MRP3 as a candidate for an inducible transporter for the biliary excretion of organic anions [Hirohashi et al. (1998) Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 1068–1075]. In the present study, we cloned human MRP3 (1527 amino acids) from Caco-2 cells. Human MRP3 is predominantly expressed in liver, small intestine and colon; hepatic expression of MRP3 was observed in humans but not in normal rats. In HepG2 cells, the expression of MRP3 was induced by phenobarbital. These results suggest that MRP3 may act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions

Parallel Particle-In-Cell Plasma Simulations on GPU, Vector, and Scalar Systems

The calculation performance of two types of moment calculation algorithms are evaluated on a GPU system with nVIDIA C2070 board and vector-type system on the Earth Simulator for one of the particle-in-cell plasma simulations. Those are WORK and SORT algorithms. The performances are compared with the scalar system (Intel Xeon) performance. We use 8 byte double precision variables for physical memory on both CPU and GPU chips. The used simulation algorithm is three-dimensional Hybrid code for ion-ion beam instability with periodic boundary system.OS6-9; 31st JSST Annual Conference (September 27-28, 2012, Kobe University, Japan) / Authors from proceedings TO

Neural circuit for social authentication in song learning

Social interactions are essential when learning to communicate. In human speech and bird song, infants must acquire accurate vocalization patterns and learn to associate them with live tutors and not mimetic sources. However, the neural mechanism of social reality during vocal learning remains unknown. Here, we characterize a neural circuit for social authentication in support of accurate song learning in the zebra finch. We recorded neural activity in the attention/arousal state control center, the locus coeruleus (LC), of juvenile birds during song learning from a live adult tutor. LC activity increased with real, not artificial, social information during learning that enhanced the precision and robustness of the learned song. During live social song learning, LC activity regulated long-term song-selective neural responsiveness in an auditory memory region, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM). In accord, optogenetic inhibition of LC presynaptic signaling in the NCM reduced NCM neuronal responsiveness to live tutor singing and impaired song learning. These results demonstrate that the LC-NCM neural circuit integrates sensory evidence of real social interactions, distinct from song acoustic features, to authenticate song learning. The findings suggest a general mechanism for validating social information in brain development